Science: Motion, p. 4-22, 33-43
Reference Point: a fixed object used to determine if something is in motion. If the distance of one object to another is changing, it is in motion. SI unit of distance is meter.Speed: distance an object travels over time, Speed = Distance / Time Velocity: speed AND directionAcceleration: rate at which velocity increases, decreases or changes direction. Example: car moving around a curve in roadForce: a push or pull which changes an object’s motion. SI unit of force is Newtons.Unbalanced forces act on an object to create a net force which changes the object’s motion.Balanced forces do not change and object’s motion. Gravitational force is affected by mass and distance. Mass is how much stuff is in an object, SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).Weight is a measure of gravity on an object. An object’s weight changes based on how much gravity there is, but mass stays the same. Ex. Your weight is less on the Moon (less gravity), but mass is same.Friction: when two surfaces rub against each other. Four types: sliding friction, static friction, fluid friction and rolling friction.
Newton’s Laws, p. 44-49, 53-54
Newton’s First Law of Motion: An object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by a force. Also known as inertia: the tendency of an object to keep doing what it is doing: stay in motion or at rest.
A roller coaster is hard to stop because of inertia.
Second Law of Motion: F = MA. Acceleration of an object depends on its mass and the force acting on it. Acceleration SI unit: m/s2 Dogsled example: more dogs = more force, while more sitting people (more mass) slows acceleration.
Third Law of Motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Ex.: Basketball bounce
Momentum = mass x velocity. Football players trying to tackle each other.
SI Unit for Momentum is kg x m/s. Law of conservation of Momentum: the momentum of each object in a group will stay the same. Example: Bumper car hitting another car, first car slows, second speeds up.

Work and Machines, p. 70-97
Work is done on an object when a force is put on the object and it moves. If the object does not move, then no work is done. Work = force x distance. SI unit of Work: Joule
Power is work done on an object over time. Power = work / time SI unit of Power: Watt
Machines make work easier by decreasing how much force you use to do work or increasing the distance over which work is done (ie. using stairs instead of climbing up a pole)
Simple machines: machines which do work in one movement. Inclined plane (stairs), wedge (ax blade), screw (screw cap), lever (see-saw), wheel and axle (door knob), pulley (cord to raise window blinds).
Compound machine: machine that uses at least two simple machines (ax blade and handle)
Mechanical advantage: the number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it. Mechanical advantage = output force / input force
Efficiency: how much output work comes from your input work. Efficiency = output work / input work

Motion Driving Questions
1. How can you identify an object is in motion?

2. What is a reference point?

3. What is speed? How is it calculated?

4. What is velocity? Acceleration?

5. How do unbalanced and balanced forces affect motion?

6. What two factors affect the gravitational force between two objects?

7. What will cause a change in an object’s motion?

8. What forces act against an object’s motion?

9. What is momentum? How do you calculate momentum?

10. How does gravity affect motion?

11. How does friction affect motion?

12. What are Newton’s Laws of Motion?

13. What is work and how is it calculated?

14. What is power? Efficiency?

15. What are the six simple machines?

16. How do simple machines help us accomplish work?


Social Studies: The Old and New Worlds Meet, 1492-1600 AD

European exploration before Columbus
Viking Lief Ericcson discovered N. America around 1000 A.D. but was not ready to set up colonies. They were not in the right place at the right time to create huge New World empires.

Reasons Europeans wanted to explore in 1492
Europeans wanted to get cheaper spices from China, spread Christianity, conquer more land.
Portugal and Spain argued over who got the new lands. Catholic Pope set Line of Demarcation (Spain got lands west of the line, Portugal land east of it.) New Tech: Better mapmaking, guns, Mercator invented longitude and latitude, caravels, compasses, astrolabes, gunpowder.
Europe’s “discovery” of gold and furs in New World led to power and learning in Europe.

Major land and water routes of European explorers
Portuguese: Henry the Navigator set up a school to teach sailors astrolabe and caravel use. Da Gama first to reach India, Cabral bumped into Brazil and claimed it for Portugal.
Spanish explorers: Columbus first to sail west, thought NW was Japan, began Spain’s empire. Magellan’s crew circumnavigated the globe (sailed around it). Cortes explored and conquered Mexico. Pizarro explored and conquered the Inca Empire in S. America.
Northern Europeans: Francis Drake sailed for England, second to circumnavigate globe and attacked Spanish colonies. John Cabot sailed for England, bumped into Canada, thought it was China. Hudson worked for Netherlands then England, explored Hudson River and Northwest Canada looking for Northwest Passage to Asia. Verranzzano sailed for France along N. America, bridge named after him.
Spanish dominance in the New World
Spanish had better weapons (steel and guns) fought to kill. Natives fought to capture for sacrifice
Native people helped the Spanish defeat the Aztecs and Incas. European diseases killed Indians

Columbus
Columbus easily conquered the Indians and traded for gold. Kidnapped a few Indians and brought them to Spain. Columbus was made governor of all lands in the Caribbean Ocean.
Encomienda System: Indians had to fill bells with gold dust for the Spanish or be tortured: hands and noses cut off and left to die. Some mothers killed their own children or committed suicide. In the Caribbean, millions of people died. Taino civilization ended, Spanish replaced them with African slaves.

The Columbian Exchange
From New World: maize corn, potatoes, tomatoes, turkeys, peanuts, chocolate, tobacco
From Europe: apples, bananas, cows, chickens, pigs, sheep, sugar cane.

Spanish expeditions to American southwest and Florida
Ponce de Leon, governor of Puerto Rico explored Florida to find gold and the Fountain of Youth (water giving eternal life) where he died. Cabeza de Vaca shipwrecked in Florida and Texas, walked to Mexico telling of fabulous cities. De Soto explored Florida to Mississippi. Coronado explored southwest.

Effects of the slave trade.
Many African leaders traded slaves for European guns; war between Africans to get slaves.
Middle Passage was horrible journey of slaves on ships from Africa to New World, 20% of slaves died in slave ships. Slaves worked in sugar, cotton or tobacco plantations. Slaves had no rights and their children were property of their owners. Some slave rebellions happened, but mostly just breaking tools or working slowly. Slaves relied on Christianity and music.

SS 7th Midterm Essential Questions
1. Explain three reasons Europeans wanted to explore the world in 1492.

2. How did this create conflict between Spain and Portugal? What is the Line of Demarcation and Treaty of Tordesillas?

3. Who were the major Portuguese and Spanish explorers, the Northern European explorers and what did each look for/find?


4. What was the Northwest Passage? Was it found?

5. Why did Spain dominate the New World at first? What was the Encomienda system?

6. What kinds did the Europeans bring with them, what affect did they have?


7. What was the Columbian Exchange? Which items do you think were the most important?

8. What are plantations? What was produced there?

9. Who were Ponce de Leon, Cabeza de Vaca and De Soto?

10. What was the Middle Passage and African Diaspora? Which came first?

11. Give two specific examples of how slaves responded to their situation. How did they cope?